About these cases. Teaching scenarios, not real patients; four are adapted from Osypka Medical clinical cards and training material, with numbers adjusted so the displayed values agree (assumed CVP stated where used). Clinical review by Dr. Yasser Nassef: pending. Last updated 25 October 2026. Key references: Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines 2021; ESC heart failure guidelines 2021 and 2023 update; Monnet and Teboul on passive leg raising; ESICM consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring 2014. For healthcare professionals; not a substitute for clinical judgement or local protocols.